Kanuni Sultan Süleyman İngilizce Biyografi

     

I. Süleyman, Kanunî Sultan Süleyman or Muhteşem Süleyman; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Süleyman the Magnificent in the West and "Kanuni" (the Lawgiver) in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 20 to 30 million people.

Süleyman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Süleyman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.

At the helm of an expanding empire, Süleyman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law; sultanic (Kanun) and religious (Sharia). He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.

Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Süleyman married Hürrem Sultan, a woman from his harem, a Christian of Rusyn origin who converted to Islam, and who became famous in the West by the name Roxelana. Their son Selim II succeeded Süleyman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Süleyman's previous heirs apparent Mehmed and Mustafa had died, the former from smallpox and the latter had been strangled to death 13 years previously at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on Süleyman's orders, along with his four sons, after a rebellion. Although scholars no longer believe that the empire declined after his death, the end of Suleiman's reign is still frequently characterized as a watershed in Ottoman history. In the decades after Süleyman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, and economic changes, in a period often referred to as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk İngilizce Biyografi

     
M. Kemal ATATÜRK

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881  – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.

Atatürk was a career military officer in the Ottoman Empire, rising to the rank of general during World War I. Following the Empire's defeat and subsequent dissolution, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, eventually leading to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. His government also carried out an extensive policy of Turkification. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism. His achievements in Turkey are an enduring monument to Atatürk.

II. Abdülhamid İngilizce Biyografi

     

 Abdul Hamid II 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective autocratic control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Ottoman Empire, including widespread pogroms and government-sanctioned massacres of Armenians and Bulgarians, as well as an assassination attempt, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, on 27 April 1909. In accordance with an agreement made with the republican Young Ottomans, he promulgated the first Ottoman constitution of 1876 on 23 December 1876, which was a sign of progressive thinking that marked his early rule. Soon, however, he claimed Western influence on Ottoman affairs and citing disagreements with Parliament, Abdul Hamid suspended both the short-lived constitution and Parliament in 1878 and seized absolute power, ending the first constitutional era of the Ottoman Empire. Abdul Hamid's 1909 removal from the throne was hailed by most Ottoman citizens, who welcomed the return to constitutional rule after three decades.

Despite his conservatism and despotic rule, some modernization of the Ottoman Empire occurred during Abdul Hamid's long reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, the extension of the Rumelia Railway and Anatolia Railway and the construction of the Baghdad Railway and Hejaz Railway, the establishment of a system for population registration and control over the press and the founding of the first modern law school in 1898. The most far-reaching of these reforms were in education: professional schools were established. The University of Istanbul, although shut down by Abdul Hamid himself in 1881, was reopened in 1900, and a network of secondary, primary, and military schools was extended throughout the empire. Railway and telegraph systems were developed by primarily German firms. Between 1871 and 1908, the Sublime Porte thus "reached a new degree of organizational elaboration and articulation."

Abroad, Abdul Hamid was nicknamed the Red Sultan or Abdul the Damned due to the massacres committed against minorities during his rule and use of a secret police to silence dissent and republicanism. These led to an assassination attempt in 1905, contributing to the sultan's worsening paranoia until his eventual removal from the throne.

Cengiz Han Biyografi

     
Born to a tribal leader between 1163 an 1167, the young Temujin was born into a turbulent period of intermittent warfare and internecine conflict. At a young age, Temujin's father was murdered by rival tribesman, this left Temujin powerless and captive to his rival tribes. However, through great skill, cunning, good fortune and tenacity, Temujin escaped and gained a reputation as a fearsome warrior and leader of men.


He gathered together a band of men who were to become very loyal. At the age of 16, he married his childhood bride Borte, whom he had great admiration for. Shortly after marriage, Borte was kidnapped but Temujin was able to call on some friends to lead a rescue operation. This was successful and although Borte was found to be with child, Temujin would bring up the child as if it was his. In 1206 a council of Moghul tribesmen met to declare Temujin as 'Genghis Khan - meaning 'Oceanic Ruler of the Universe.' With the backing of the three strongest tribes, Genghis Khan was able to unify the various Mongol tribes into one of the most impressive war machines ever assembled. It was this loyalty and unity that was so rare in that era. Genghis Khan had tremendous ambition to conquer and plunder loot. He first turned his attention to the powerful Chinese empire. 

He was successful in capturing their city and gaining the obeisance of the Chinese. This allowed him to turn his attentions to the West and Genghis Khan led his Mongol armies west - deep into the heart of Europe - spreading fear and destruction. Genghis Khan did not just look to kill people, he was mainly interested in conquering and gaining wealth. He could accept the surrender of a defeated enemy and often used consummate skill to avoid conflict merely through emissaries who would spread tales of fear and the impending force of Genghis Khan's war machine. 

 Genghis Khan could show great loyalty to those who were loyal to him, and equally he could turn on those he considered to be disloyal or resisted. For example, his three year campaign in Khwarazm was particularly brutal as he took revenge on civilians in the area. Genghis Khan also encouraged trade and commerce within his realm. He forbade his troops to attack merchants and through his control of the main trading routes, trade and culture flourished as people could travel within the Monghul Empire stretching from China in the East to the Black Sea in the East. Genghis Khan was also tolerant of religions and exempted priests from paying tax. 

 Ironically, he died after falling from a horse in 1226. It is estimated that 8% of Asians can have their DNA traced back to Genghis Khan. His grandson Kublai Khan completed the conquest of China, but after his death, the Monghul empire started to break up amongst different factions."

Donald Trump İngilizce Biyografi

     

Born in New York city on the 14th of June 1946, Donald John Trump knew from an early age what he wanted to become and later went on to become that dream. Working for his father Fred Trump in his real estate business, and studying finance at University Donald perfected his business skills and abilities to realize a good deal when it presented itself. He has often been quoted saying "My father was my mentor, and I learned a tremendous amount about every aspect of the construction industry from him."

After working with his father for five years in Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn, New York, where they made many profitable deals, Donald decided to make the Manhattan real estate market his next goal and later did so with great success. With his father Fred often stating "some of my best deals were made by Donald, everything he touches turns to gold" Donald had only a small bank balance, but the confidence and negotiating skills to become a member of an exclusive Manhattan club, which ordinarily would not have allowed a regular Joe.

Rather than sailing and polo Donald used his new member status to make contacts within the industry, which set him on his way to building his wealth and status. Trump became one of the best known businessmen of the 80's and 90's with his real estate portfolio including: Trump Tower, the Plaza Hotel, Trump Parc, Atlantic City Casino, and the new jersey generals, while also venturing into transportation with Trump Shuttle airline.

Nick named "The Donald" he ran for presidency in 2000 but later revealed in "The Art of the Comeback" that he didn't have what it takes to become president. Trump has also made himself a successful television career, being affiliated with shows such as the Miss Universe Pageant, the Nanny, Roseanne, Suddenly Susan, the Fresh Prince of BelAir, the Job and Spin City. In early 2004 Trump Stared in the reality television show "the Apprentice" which quickly became the most popular show in that year breaking many ratings records, which resulted in Trump signing on for another season.

He often went against economic principals of lowering prices to meet competitors, instead often raising prices, which often proved successful. During 1990 Trump was forced into bankruptcy over $2 billion worth of loans that he could no longer afford to pay. Although losing most of his holdings, by the end of that same year he made a return and wrote about it in his book "The Art of the Comeback".

Donald Trump has been well known as a womanizer regularly being seen with different women. He divorced Ivana Trump in 1990, then Marla Maples 1999, he has 3 children from his first marriage and 1 from the second.

Donald J. Trump is the definition of a success story, continually setting new standards while expanding his interests in real estate, sports, gaming and entertainment. He is the classic businessman - a deal-maker without equal and a passionate philanthropist."

Isaac Newton İngilizce Biyografi

     

"Sir Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day, in 1643, to a relatively poor farming family. His father died 3 months before he was born. His mother later remarried, but her second husband did not get on with Isaac. Leading to friction between Isaac and his parents.

The young Isaac attended school at King's School, Grantham in Lincolnshire (where his signature is still inscribed in the walls. Isaac was one of the top students, but before completing his studies his mother withdrew him from school, so Isaac could work as a farmer. It was only through the intervention of the headmaster that Isaac was able to return to finish his studies. He passed his final exams with very good results, and was able to go to Trinity College, Cambridge.

Newton at Cambridge
Isaac Newton At Cambridge he was able to pursue his interests in mathematics, science and physics. At the time the prevailing education was based on Aristotle, but Isaac was more interested in modern mathematicians such as Descartes.

Isaac Newton had a prodigious capacity to consider mathematical problems, and then focus on them until he had solved the mystery behind them. His one pointed nature led him to, at times, be detached from the world. For example, he had little time for women. An early teenage romance came to nothing, and he remained single throughout his life.

Sir Isaac Newton, has been referred to as one of the greatest genius' of history. His mathematical and scientific achievements give credence to such a view. Amongst his many accomplishments in the field of science include:

Developing a theory of Calculus. Unfortunately, at the same time as Newton, calculus was being developed by Leibinz. When Leibinz published his results, there was a bitter feud between the two men, with Newton claiming plagiarism. This bitter feud lasted until Leibinz death in 1713, it also extended between British mathematicians and the continent.

Optics - Newton made great advancements into the study of optics. In particular he developed the spectrum by splitting white light through a prism.

Telescope - Made significant improvements to the development of the telescope. However, when his ideas were criticised by Hooke, Newton withdrew from the public debate. He developed an antagonistic and hostile attitude to Hooke, throughout his life.

Mechanics and Gravitation. In his famous book Principa Mathematic. Newton explained the three laws of motion that laid the framework for modern physics. This involved explaining planetary movements.

Newton Hit on the Head with an Apple.

The most popular ante dote about Sir Isaac Newton is the story of how the theory of gravitation came to him, after being hit on the head with a falling apple. In reality, Newton and his friends may have exaggerated this story. Nevertheless, it is quite likely that seeing apples fall from trees may have influenced his theories of gravity.

Newton - Bible Code
Newton was fascinated with the early Church and also the last chapter of the Bible Revelations. He spent many hours poring over the Bible, trying to find the secret Bible Code. He was rumoured to be a Rosicrucian. However, the religious belief's that Newton held could have caused serious embarrassment at the time. Because of this he kept his views hidden, almost to the point of obsession. This desire for secrecy seemed to be part of his nature. It was only on his death that his papers were opened up. The bishop who first opened Newton's box, actually found them too shocking for public release, therefore, they were kept closed for many more years.

Newton and Alchemy
Newton was also interested in alchemy. He experimented on many objects, using a lot of Mercury. Very high levels of mercury in his blood stream may have contributed to his early death and irregularities in later life.

Newton was made member of the Royal Society in 1703. He was also given the job of Master of Mint in 1717. He took this job seriously and unofficially was responsible for moving England from the silver standard to the gold standard."